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Most examples you see of C++ use the so-called stream output for the code. Stream output uses the << operator, as shown in this example:

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However, C inherits another form of output from its predecessor, C. This form is based upon a set of functions that are very similar both in appearance and in the way they function. Collectively these functions carry the name of their most widely used member, printf. Jan 23, 2010  Okay, if I ever use the printf or cont function, the window will quickly close itself out. I know how to fix this when I am using the cont function (by putting cin.ignore right after it), but how do I fix this when using the printf function. Can anyone help me? I accidently put D-C in the topic title, it should read Dev-C. Input and Output operations can also be performed in C using the C Standard Input and Output Library (cstdio, known as stdio.h in the C language). This library uses what are called streams to operate with physical devices such as keyboards, printers, terminals or with any other type of files supported by the system. Streams are an abstraction to interact with these in an uniform way; All. Jan 30, 2017  In this video you will learn how to use the printf function.

However, C++ inherits another form of output from its predecessor, C. This form is based upon a set of functions that are very similar both in appearance and in the way they function. Collectively these functions carry the name of their most widely used member, printf().

You can ignore this article and continue using stream output, or you can switch over to printf() output if you prefer — but you should not mix the two in the same program. These sets of functions use different classes for buffering output to reduce the number of disk accesses, thereby increasing program performance. Mixing the two will cause output to get interleaved in unpredictable ways resulting in confusing and perhaps meaningless output.

The general form of printf() output

The printf() function has the following prototype defined in the cstdio include file:

The ellipses (…) in a prototype declaration means any number of any type of variables.

The first argument to printf() is a string to be output. If this string contains format specifiers, which are characters preceded by a ‘%’, then printf() outputs the next argument in line using that format specifier as guidance.

This is best demonstrated with a simple example:

This would output the string

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There must be at least as many arguments following the format string as there are format specifiers in the string. If there are more, they are ignored. printf() returns the number of characters printed. If an error occurs, this number will be negative.

Format specifiers

Format specifiers have the form

Each of these format specifiers is described in the following sections.

Type specifiers

The following type specifiers are available to printf()

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There is at least one type specifier for each of the variable types intrinsic to C++. In the absence of any further information, C++ uses default values. For example, an integer number output with a d is preceded with a – if it is negative but not preceded with anything if it is positive. In addition, such a value takes only as many spaces as are needed to output the number.

Output amplifier flags

What if the default display format for an integer specifier such as d is not what you want? For example, for some applications, it might be important that positive numbers are preceded by a + (plus sign) in the same way that negatives are preceded by a – (minus sign). For that, printf() provides these output amplifier flags.

Output width flag

Suppose that you want all of the numbers in a column to line up. In that case, it would be important that each number occupy the same number of spaces even if not all of those spaces are needed to display the value. For this and thousands of other applications, printf() allows the user to specify the width by using these width flags.

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Precision flag

The precision flag is most often combined with the width flag when displaying floating point numbers. In this case, the precision flag tells printf() how many digits to display after the decimal point.

The precision flag has been given meaning for types other than floating point, as shown here, but these are less commonly used.

Length flags

Unlike the flags discussed above, the length flag is not so much about telling printf() how to display the number but more about telling printf() about the number itself. For example, suppose you want to output a variable using a d format, but that variable is actually a long int? No problem, just use ld,as described here.

Reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of printf()

The printf() style of output has one significant advantage compared with stream output: the grammar is extremely terse. Once you’ve master all the special types and lengths, widths and precisions, you can output a variable in just about any way you want with a minimum number of keystrokes.

The terseness comes with a price, however:

• The terseness makes printf() output difficult for the uninitiated to understand.

• printf() is not type safe.

  If you say to output the next field using a %Lf, then printf() will assume that a long double is waiting there. It has no way to double check. If a simple double or (heaven forbid!) an integer is the next variable on the stack, then printf() will output garbage. Worse yet, it will continue to output garbage from that point forward since now the specifiers and the arguments are out of sync.

• printf() is not extensible.

  The writers of printf() thought of a lot of different types of variables, but if they didn’t think of it, then you’re out of luck.

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