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. Robotics 101 - The basics of PID control and a high level discussion of how it is implemented on ArduCopter. SECOND HOUR - PRACTICE:. ArduCopter 101 - A detailed discussion of the knobs, bells, and whistles in Mission Planner and what the heck they all do. Summary of the ArduCopter tuning process.

1. Arducopter Auto Pid Tuning Tool
2. Pid Tuning Software
3. Arducopter Auto Pid Tuning Chart
4. Pid Tuning Simulators
5. Pid Tuning Methods

Tuning (PX4) Basic Tuning (Multicoper, Fixed Wing, VTOL) Adjust the specified flight characteristic by moving the slider(s) to the left or right. Advanced Tuning (MultiCopter) To access advanced tuning, select the Advanced checkbox. To use advanced tuning: First select the Tuning axis to tune: Rol, Pitch or Yaw (each axis is tuned separately). Sep 22, 2014  General Tuning Advice for Arducopter. Posted on September 22, 2014 October 9, 2014 by drahfa. You can also fly in auto-trim mode in a windless (important!) environment. Any wind will cause the changes you make to work against you when the quad. Nov 29, 2016  I had a play with the 'roll / pitch sensitivity' slider on the Basic Tuning page in Mission Planner but it seems sloppy while still oscillating. I haven't PID tuned a pixhawk before and I'm not sure where to go next. The extended tuning page is a significant step up in complexity so I'm hoping to avoid it. Most quadcopter software including Betaflight and KISS allows users to adjust PID values to improve flight performance. In this post I will try to explain what PID is, how it affects stability and handling of a drone, and also share some tips on how to tune PID. The Art of Quadcopter PID Tuning. Quadcopter PID tuning really is an art form.

Nov 12, 2012  The arducopter tuning guide. This guide was written at the time of the release of Arducopter 2.8.1 FW. It is a compilation of everything I have. Multicopter PID Tuning Guide. This tutorial explains how to tune the PID loops on PX4 for all multicopter setups (Quads, Hexa, Octo etc). Generally if you're using a supported specific configuration (e.g. Using an airframe in QGroundControl Airframe) the default tuning should be sufficient to fly the vehicle safely.To get the very best performance it is usually good to tune a new vehicle.

This tutorial explains how to tune the PID loops on PX4 for all multicopter setups (Quads, Hexa, Octo etc).

Generally if you're using a supported specific configuration (e.g. using an airframe in QGroundControl > Airframe) the default tuning should be sufficient to fly the vehicle safely.To get the very best performance it is usually good to tune a new vehicle. For example, different ESCs or motors require different tuning gains for optimal flight.

This guide is for advanced users. Un- or partially- tuned vehicles are likely to be unstable, and easy to crash.Make sure to have a Kill-switch assigned.

Introduction

PX4 uses Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controllers, which are the most widespread control technique.

The controllers are layered, which means a higher-level controller passes itsresults to a lower-level controller. The lowest-level controller is the the ratecontroller, then there is the attitude contoller, and then the velocity& position controller.The PID tuning needs to be done in the same order, starting with the ratecontroller, as it will affect all other controllers. Vst crack guitar rig.

Preconditions

• You have selected the closest matching default airframe configuration for your vehicle. This should give you a vehicle that already flies.
• You should have done an ESC calibration.

• PWM_MIN is set correctly. It needs to be set low, but such that the motors never stop when the vehicle is armed.

  This can be tested in Acro mode or in Manual/Stabilized mode:

  • Remove propellers
  • Arm the vehicle and lower the throttle to the minimum
  • Tilt the vehicle to all directions, about 60 degrees
  • Check that no motors turn off
• Optionally enable the high-rate logging profile with the SDLOG_PROFILE parameter so you can use the log to evaluate the rate and attitude tracking performance (the option can be disabled afterwards).

Always disable MC_AIRMODE when tuning a vehicle.

Tuning Steps

For safety reasons, the default gains are set to low values.
You must increase the gains before you can expect good control responses.

Here are some general points to follow when tuning:

• All gains should be increased very slowly as large gains may cause dangerous oscillations! Typically increase gains by 20-30% per iteration, reducing to 5-10% for final fine tuning.
• Land before changing a parameter. Slowly increase the throttle and check for oscillations.
• Tune the vehicle around the hovering thrust point, and use the thrust curve parameter or TPA to account for thrust non-linearities or high-thrust oscillations.

Rate Controller

Arducopter Auto Pid Tuning Tool

The rate controller is the inner-most loop with three independent PID controllers to control the body rates:

• Roll rate control (MC_ROLLRATE_P, MC_ROLLRATE_I, MC_ROLLRATE_D)
• Pitch rate control (MC_PITCHRATE_P, MC_PITCHRATE_I, MC_PITCHRATE_D)
• Yaw rate control (MC_YAWRATE_P, MC_YAWRATE_I, MC_YAWRATE_D)

A well-tuned rate controller is very important as it affects all flight modes. A badly tuned rate controller will be visible in Position mode, for example, as 'twitches' (the vehicle will not hold perfectly still in the air).

The rate controller can be tuned in Acro mode or Manual/Stabilized mode:

• Acro mode is preferred, but is harder to fly. If you choose this mode, disable all stick expo:
  • MC_ACRO_EXPO = 0, MC_ACRO_EXPO_Y = 0, MC_ACRO_SUPEXPO = 0, MC_ACRO_SUPEXPOY = 0
  • MC_ACRO_P_MAX = 200, MC_ACRO_R_MAX = 200
  • MC_ACRO_Y_MAX = 100
• Manual/Stabilized mode is simpler to fly, but it is also more difficult to see if the attitude or the rate controller needs more tuning.

In case your vehicle does not fly at all:

• If you notice strong oscillations when first trying to takeoff (to the point where it does not fly), decrease all P and D gains until it takes off.
• If on the other hand you hardly get any reaction at all to your RC commands, increase the P gains.

The actual tuning is roughly the same in Manual mode or Acro mode:You iteratively tune the P and D gains for roll and pitch, and then the I gain.Initially you can use the same values for roll and pitch, and once you have good values, you can fine-tune them by looking at roll and pitch response separately (if your vehicle is symmetric, this is not needed).For yaw it is very similar, except that D can be left at 0.

Pid Tuning Software

P Gain

The P (proportional) gain is used to minimize the tracking error. It is responsible for a quick response and thus should be set as high as possible, but without introducing oscillations.

• If the P gain is too high: you will see high-frequency oscillations.
• If the P gain is too low:
  • the vehicle will react slowly to input changes.
  • In Acro mode the vehicle will drift, and you will constantly need to correct to keep it level.

D Gain

The D (derivative) gain is used for dampening. It is required but should be set only as high as needed to avoid overshoots.

• If the D gain is too high: the motors become twitchy (and maybe hot), because the D term amplifies noise.
• If the D gain is too low: you see overshoots after a step-input.

I Gain

The I (integral) gain keeps a memory of the error. The I term increases when the desired rate is not reached over some time. It is important (especially when flying Acro mode), but it should not be set too high.

• If the I gain is too high: you will see slow oscillations.
• If the I gain is too low: this is best tested in Acro mode, by tilting the vehicle to one side about 45 degrees, and keeping it like that. It should keep the same angle. If it drifts back, increase the I gain. A low I gain is also visible in a log, when there is an offset between the desired and the actual rate over a longer time.

Typical values are between 0.3 and 0.5, and the pitch gain usually needs to be a bit higher.

Testing Procedure

To test the current gains, provide a fast step-input when hovering and observe how the vehicle reacts. It should immediately follow the command, and neither oscillate, nor overshoot (it feels 'locked-in').

You can create a step-input for example for roll, by quickly pushing the roll stick to one side, and then let it go back quickly (be aware that the stick will oscillate too if you just let go of it, because it is spring-loaded — a well-tuned vehicle will follow these oscillations).

A well-tuned vehicle in Acro mode will not tilt randomly towards one side,but keeps the attitude for tens of seconds even without any corrections.

Logs

Looking at a log helps to evaluate tracking performance as well. Here is an example for good roll and yaw rate tracking:

And here is a good example for the roll rate tracking with several flips, which create an extreme step-input. You can see that the vehicle overshoots only by a very small amount:

Attitude Controller

This controls the orientation and outputs desired body rates with the following tuning parameters:

• Roll control (MC_ROLL_P)
• Pitch control (MC_PITCH_P
• Yaw control (MC_YAW_P)

The attitude controller is much easier to tune. In fact, most of the time the defaults do not need to be changed at all.

To tune the attitude controller, fly in Manual/Stabilized mode and increase the P gains gradually. If you start to see oscillations or overshoots, the gains are too high.

The following parameters can also be adjusted. These determine the maximum rotation rates around all three axes:

• Maximum roll rate (MC_ROLLRATE_MAX)
• Maximum pitch rate (MC_PITCHRATE_MAX
• Maximum yaw rate (MC_YAWRATE_MAX)

Thrust Curve / Throttle PID Attenuation (TPA)

The tuning above optimises performance around the hover throttle. But it can be that you start to see oscillations when going towards full throttle.

There are two ways to counteract that:

• Adjust the thrust curve with the THR_MDL_FAC parameter (preferred method).The thrust to PWM mapping is linear by default — setting THR_MDL_FAC to 1 makes it quadratic. Values in between use a linear interpolation of the two.Typical values are between 0.3 and 0.5.You can start off with 0.3 and then increase it by 0.1 at a time. If it is too high, you will start to notice oscillations at lower throttle values.

  The rate controller must be re-tuned if you change this parameter.

• Enable Throttle PID Attenuation (TPA), which is used to linearly reduce thePID gains when the throttle isabove a threshold (breakpoint,MC_TPA_BREAK_* parameters). The attenuation rate is controlled viaMC_TPA_RATE_* parameters. TPA should generally not be needed, but it can beused in addition to the thrust curve parameter. The following illustrationshows the thrust in relationship to the attenuated PID values:

Airmode & Mixer Saturation

The rate controller outputs torque commands for all three axis (roll, pitch and yaw) and a scalar thrust value, which need to be converted into individual motor thrust commands. This step is called mixing.

It can happen that one of the motor commands becomes negative, for example for a low thrust and large roll command (and similarly it can go above 100%). This is a mixer saturation. It is physically impossible for the vehicle to execute these commands (except for reversible motors). PX4 has two modes to resolve this:

• Either by reducing the commanded torque for roll such that none of the motor commands isbelow zero (Airmode disabled). In the extreme case where the commanded thrustis zero, it means that no attitude correction is possible anymore, which iswhy a minimum thrust is always required for this mode.

• Or by increasing (boosting) the commanded thrust, such that none of the motorcommands is negative (Airmode enabled). This has the big advantage that theattitude/rates can be tracked correctly even at low or zero throttle. Itgenerally improves the flight performance.

  However it increases the total thrust which can lead to situations where thevehicle continues to ascend even though the throttle is reduced to zero. For awell-tuned, correctly functioning vehicle it is not the case, but for exampleit can happen when the vehicle strongly oscillates due to too high P tuninggains.

Both modes are shown below with a 2D illustration for two motors and a torquecommand for roll r. On the left motorr is added to the commanded thrust, while onthe right motor it is substracted from it.The motor thrusts are in green.With Airmode enabled, the commanded thrust is increased byb. When it is disabled,r is reduced.

If mixing becomes saturated towards the upper bound the commanded thrust is reduced to ensure that no motor is commanded to deliver more than 100% thrust. This behaviour is similar to the Airmode logic, and is applied whether Airmode is enabled or disabled.

Once your vehicle flies well you can enable Airmode via the MC_AIRMODE parameter.

DISCLAIMER: This could be dangerous and might crash your copter.

OK! I made some new changes to the autotuning algorithm and I have tested it again in the simulator. I think this is ready for some real world testing from some VERY BRAVE users, or some simulation testing. Unfortunately I do not own a quad and my octo is out of commission until Tuesday, or I would be testing this right now outside.

First, here is what is new:

1. The amount of change applied to the P gain scales down with each iteration. This allows for quicker acquisition and better resolution of your Pretty Good Gain

Arducopter Auto Pid Tuning Chart

2. If the tuning logic moved the P gain in the wrong direction it will revert to the best P gain that had been found and use that as the new launching point which should save some iterations

How to use it:

1. Replace the files in your ArduCopter 2.2b2 code base with the files that I have included in the .zip.

2. Upload the code to your board and test in the simulator so that you can get a feel for how it works (follow the same steps below for setup starting at step 5)

Bazzism vst mac free download. 3. Update the config file to disable the HIL setting or change your frame type, etc..

4. Re-upload the code for live flight IF YOU DARE

5. Connect the APM to the Mission Planner.

6. Go to the configuration tab and manually set the CH7_OPTION to 8 as seen below and click 'Write Params'

7. Set your Integral (I) gains for pitch and roll to zero and click 'Write Params'

8. Bring the copter to a hover and flip CH7 to the high position to activate the auto tuning mode

9. Roll to the right or left and quickly return the stick to the center position. (Repeat this step at least 5 times)

10. Deactivate auto tuning mode by flipping CH7 to the low position

11. Reactivate auto tuning mode by flipping CH7 to the high position

Pid Tuning Simulators

12. Pitch the copter forward or back and quickly return the stick to the center position. (Repeat this step at least 5 times)

13. Deactivate auto tuning mode by flipping CH7 to the low position

14. Go to the configuration tab of the Mission planner and click 'Refresh Params' to see your new tuned P gains

Pid Tuning Methods

15. Write those values down.

The idea of steps 9 and 12 is to introduce a wobble and let the copter try to even itself out. Don't go too aggressive with your pitch or roll.. again its just to introduce a disturbance.

My videos are in 1080p so that you will be able to read whats on the screen.

Questions, comments, discussion is welcome and encouraged!